In Climate Justice Beyond the State, Lachlan Umbers and Jeremy Moss argue that states’ failures to take action on climate change have important implications for the duties of the most important actors states contain within them – sub-national political communities, corporations, and individuals. Virtually every figure in the climate justice literature agrees that states are presently failing to discharge their duties to take action on climate change. Few, however, have attempted to think through what follows from that fact. States contain many other agents who are all, in their own right, important actors with respect to climate change (in particular, sub-national political communities, corporations, individuals). Were the states to which these agents belong to adopt adequate emissions-reduction policies, there would be few interesting questions concerning such agents’ duties. They would simply be required to comply with the relevant policy’s demands. A fully adequate climate policy, after all, would be one which took on an appropriate share of the global burden of responding to climate change, and distributed the costs of doing so fairly among the various agents internal to the state. The failure of states to impose such policies, then, gives rise to the question this book seeks to answer: what are the moral duties of sub-national political communities, corporations, and individuals where the states to which they belong fail to take appropriate action to address climate change? Targeted at academic philosophers working on climate justice, this book will also be of great interest to students and scholars of global justice, applied ethics, political philosophy and environmental humanities.