Asserting that military organizations need to operate in complexenvironments is one of the least controversial statments one can make in the realm of military studies. In fact, it is truism that military organizations need to operate in difficult circumstances. During their deployment, armies are confronted with dangers, cunning enemies, unexpected changes, and a general level of uncertainty. The abviouse implication is that armies need to be able to deal with complexity, or dynamic comlexity as it will be labelled in this book.

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This study develops an analytic framework that is composed of diffrent ingredients of formal theory. Central to this framwork is the idea that ability to “doubt” is of crucial importance for for organizations that areconfronted with dynamic complexity. From this it follows that organizations need to organize their ability to doubt in such environment. The framwork is used to analyze the way military units of the Dutch Armed Forces deployed to perform peace operations dealt with dynamic complexity. Subsequently, it is analyzed how specific organizaional characterisics of the mother organization in the Netherlands influenced the ability of the deployed units to organize doubt.

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Eric-Hans Kramer is assistant professor Work and Organizational psychology at the Netherlands Denfense Academy.